[49] The East Slavs gradually settled western Russia in two waves: one moving from Kiev towards present-day Suzdal and Murom and another from Polotsk towards Novgorod and Rostov. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including privatisation and market and trade liberalisation were undertaken, including radical changes along the lines of "shock therapy". WebRussian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. [53], In Turkmenistan, Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. ", Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, "Leninism: What It Was and What It Was Not", "7 kinds of Russian bread you'll want to bite the crust off of", "When it comes to bread, Russians don't loaf", "Spotlight on Smetana: Russia's Sour Cream", "Understanding Russia's obsession with mayonnaise", "From sizzling shashlik to spicy seekh kebabs: barbecue recipes from around the world", "Russian Vinegret salad: Super-easy and super-traditional", "Map: Where the world's biggest vodka drinkers are", Obzor rossiyskogo rynka alkogol'noy produktsii. [454] However, various experts have claimed Russia's linguistic diversity is rapidly declining due to many languages becoming endangered. [88] AlexanderI controlled Russia's delegation at the Congress of Vienna, which defined the map of post-Napoleonic Europe. The punctuation, originally based on Byzantine Greek, was in the 17th and 18th centuries reformulated on the French and German models. [369] Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia are the world's fourth-largest. Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. During this period of rapid economic and social change, millions of people were sent to penal labor camps, including many political convicts for their suspected or real opposition to Stalin's rule;[118] and millions were deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time. [95] The reign of his son AlexanderIII (18811894) was less liberal but more peaceful. [47][105][106][107] In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language was being replaced or used in conjunction with local languages. A number of encoding conversion applications were developed. [51] 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.[52]. [h][218] Its major islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin. [214][215] The Ural Mountains, running north to south through the country's west, are rich in mineral resources, and form the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia. In particular, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch say that Russia is not democratic and allows few political rights and civil liberties to its citizens. ", "CDL-REF(2021)010 Opinion No. [98], In 1914, Russia entered World WarI in response to Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Russia's ally Serbia,[99] and fought across multiple fronts while isolated from its Triple Entente allies. [459], After the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was a renewal of religions in Russia, with the revival of the traditional faiths and the emergence of new forms within the traditional faiths as well as many new religious movements. [310] It was the lowest rated European country in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2021, ranking 136th out of 180 countries. [111], On 30 December 1922, Lenin and his aides formed the Soviet Union, by joining the Russian SFSR into a single state with the Byelorussian, Transcaucasian, and Ukrainian republics. [66] However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (later the united PolishLithuanian Commonwealth), the Kingdom of Sweden, and DenmarkNorway for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade. Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations of this style. [255] Originally seven, currently there are eight federal districts, each headed by an envoy appointed by the president. Russia has also sought to increase its influence in the Middle East, most significantly through military intervention in the Syrian civil war. Its mineral and energy sources are the world's largest, and its figures for oil production and natural gas production rank high globally. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language ( Dialektologichesky atlas russkogo yazyka), was published in three folio volumes 19861989, after four decades of preparatory work. [156], From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and to democratise the government. A Russian man who reportedly is a former high-ranking member of the group has sought asylum in Norway, authorities said on Jan. 16, 2023. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi-Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic and Portuguese. [226] In many regions of East Siberia and the Russian Far East, winter is dry compared to summer; while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. [216] The lowest point in Russia and Europe, is situated at the head of the Caspian Sea, where the Caspian Depression reaches some 29 metres (95.1ft) below sea level. Ultimately, Ukraine was split along the Dnieper, leaving the eastern part, (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian rule. [297] Since 2011, the Economist Intelligence Unit has ranked Russia as an "authoritarian regime" in its Democracy Index, ranking it 124th out of 167 countries for 2021. [638] The Russian national basketball team won the EuroBasket 2007,[639] and the Russian basketball club PBC CSKA Moscow is among the most successful European basketball teams. , ", "Article 16. [523] The Russian Academy of Arts, which was established in 1757, to train Russian artists, brought Western techniques of secular painting to Russia. [158] Prior to 1991, the Soviet economy was the world's second-largest, but during its final years, it went into a crisis. [106], The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces. [618][619] Soviet-era filmmakers, most notably Sergei Eisenstein and Andrei Tarkovsky, would go on to become among of the world's most innovative and influential directors. : . State-run Channel One and Russia-1 are the leading news channels, while RT is the flagship of Russia's international media operations. [24] Flint tools, some 1.5 million years old, have been discovered in the North Caucasus. Some of these are relics of ancient usage now completely discarded by the standard language. [583] Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the Gulag camps. [312] It impacts various sectors, including the economy,[313] business,[314] public administration,[315] law enforcement,[316] healthcare,[317][318] education,[319] and the military. [449], Russia is a multilingual nation; approximately 100150 minority languages are spoken across the country. Almost every consonant has a hard or soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language. [citation needed], In addition to the modern Russian alphabet, Unicode (and thus UTF-8) encodes the Early Cyrillic alphabet (which is very similar to the Greek alphabet), and all other Slavic and non-Slavic but Cyrillic-based alphabets. [504][505], Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 19 out of which are cultural; while 27 more sites lie on the tentative list. 2 mins. [223] The Volga in western Russia, widely regarded as Russia's national river, is the longest river in Europe; and forms the Volga Delta, the largest river delta in the continent. [19], A Medieval Latin version of the name Rus' was Ruthenia, which was used as one of several designations for East Slavic and Eastern Orthodox regions, and commonly as a designation for the lands of Rus'. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. [87] There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level.[88][89]. WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. [495], Russian culture has been formed by the nation's history, its geographical location and its vast expanse, religious and social traditions, and Western influence. The following table gives their upper case forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of the Russian alphabet include , which merged to (/je/ or /e/); and , which both merged to (/i/); , which merged to (/f/); , which merged to (/u/); , which merged to (/ju/ or /u/); and and , which later were graphically reshaped into and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /a/. [78], The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. WebOn This Day. Smorodinskaya, Tatiana, and Karen Evans-Romaine, eds. [392], Alexander Popov was among the inventors of radio,[393] while Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov were co-inventors of laser and maser. [376], Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on research and development in 2019, with the world's tenth-highest budget. [f][211] Russia lies between latitudes 41 and 82 N, and longitudes 19 E and 169 W, extending some 9,000km (5,600mi) east to west, and 2,500 to 4,000km (1,600 to 2,500mi) north to south. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). [404] Theodosius Dobzhansky was the central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis. South Africa is allowing Chinese and Russian warships to conduct naval exercises off its coast next month, raising concerns that the move could alienate trading partners. [306], Russia's autocratic[307] political system has been variously described as a kleptocracy,[308] an oligarchy,[309] and a plutocracy. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia. Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. [citation needed], Clusters of four consonants are not very common, especially within a morpheme. [42] It is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a "hard target" language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in U.S. world policy. [84] In North America, the Russians became the first Europeans to reach and colonise Alaska. Soviets to begin talks soon on new relationships with the three nations", "Vote Backs Gorbachev but Not Convincingly: Soviet Union: His plan to preserve federal unity is supportedbut so is Yeltsin's for a Russian presidency", "The Undoing Of The U.S.S.R.: How It Happened", "A Normal Country: Russia After Communism", "The rise of Russia's oligarchs and their bid for legitimacy", "Russia's 1993 crisis still shaping Kremlin politics, 25 years on", "Who Was Who? Russian nouns each have a gender either feminine, masculine, or neuter, chiefly indicated by spelling at the end of the word. [44] This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky (18731935), who toward the end of his life wrote: Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well. [92], The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. [44] The age of feudalism and decentralisation had come, marked by constant in-fighting between members of the Rurik dynasty that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. 31 Dec 1999: Putin Presidency begins in Russia. [citation needed], The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye (). Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding, which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. [63], Led by Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. Russia possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons, and has the fifth-highest military expenditure. On the ruins of peasant multilingua, in the context of developing heavy industry, a qualitatively new entity can be said to emergethe general language of the working class capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. [81] Catherine's successor, her son Paul, was unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues. [428] Russia is famed worldwide for its rich museums, such as the State Russian, the State Hermitage, and the Tretyakov Gallery; and for theatres such as the Bolshoi and the Mariinsky. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use. ? [209] Russia is second only to Brazil by total renewable water resources. [180], In 1999, president Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned, handing the post to the recently appointed prime minister and his chosen successor, Vladimir Putin. [181] Putin then won the 2000 presidential election,[182] and defeated the Chechen insurgency in the Second Chechen War. [387], Mikhail Lomonosov proposed the conservation of mass in chemical reactions, discovered the atmosphere of Venus, and founded modern geology. [119] The transitional disorganisation of the country's agriculture, combined with the harsh state policies and a drought,[120] led to the Soviet famine of 19321933; which killed up to 8.7 million, 3.3 million of them in the Russian SFSR. Such verbs also take on different forms to distinguish between concrete and abstract motion. ", "Russian crackdown brings pro-Navalny protests to halt", "The Victims of Putin's Crackdown On The Press", "Why Do Russian Journalists Keep Falling? Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. [93] During most of the 19th and early 20th century, Russia and Britain colluded over Afghanistan and its neighboring territories in Central and South Asia; the rivalry between the two major European empires came to be known as the Great Game. Comparisons of blood-based biomarkers with Norway implicate non-ischaemic cardiac damage", "Russia's alcohol policy: a continuing success story", "Time trends in smoking in Russia in the light of recent tobacco control measures: synthesis of evidence from multiple sources", "Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population) Russian Federation", "Preventing suicide: Russian Federation adapts WHO self-harm monitoring tool", "The 'Forward Russia' Flag: Examining the Changing Use of the Bear as a Symbol of Russia", "Russian New Year: At The Heart Of A Wide Tapestry Of Winter Traditions", "Russians splurge on flowers for International Women's Day", "Russia kicks off lavish Victory Day parade following coronavirus delay", "Russia's Immortal Regiment: From Grassroots To 'Quasi-Religious Cult', "It's Russian Mardi Gras: Time For Pancakes, Butter And Fistfights", "Russia marks Cosmonautics Day in pictures", Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, "The Canopy over the Holy Sepulchre. [70] In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant Kuzma Minin and prince Dmitry Pozharsky. [414] In 1968, Zond 5 brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon. Russian has preserved an Indo-European synthetic-inflectional structure, although considerable leveling has occurred. Eventually Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party, managed to suppress all opposition factions and consolidate power in his hands to become the country's dictator by the 1930s. [279] Russia maintains cordial relations with Iran, as it is a strategic and economic ally. [citation needed], Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. See History of the Russian language for an account of the successive foreign influences on Russian. [231] They include 45 biosphere reserves,[235] 64 national parks, and 101 nature reserves. [102] In early 1917, Nicholas II was forced to abdicate; he and his family were imprisoned and later executed in Yekaterinburg during the Russian Civil War. International Journal of Russian Stidies. Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. [148] After Stalin's death in 1953 and a short period of collective rule, the new leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin and launched the policy of de-Stalinization, releasing many political prisoners from the Gulag labor camps. This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 09:02. [5] Large populations of Buddhists are found in Kalmykia, Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai, and they are the vast majority of the population in Tuva. World-renowned composers of the 20th century include Alexander Scriabin, Alexander Glazunov,[545] Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev and Dmitri Shostakovich, and later Edison Denisov, Sofia Gubaidulina,[548] Georgy Sviridov,[549] and Alfred Schnittke. ", " 24 April 1990 ", " "". Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. [321][322] To quash the insurgency in the North Caucasus, Russian authorities have been accused of indiscriminate killings,[323] arrests, forced disappearances, and torture of civilians. [99][102][103][104] In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of weakening of the Russian language after the Soviet Union's collapse in various regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly"). Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (license statement/permission). Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. [150] At the same time, Cold War tensions reached its peak when the two rivals clashed over the deployment of the United States Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Soviet missiles in Cuba. [citation needed] The law faced criticism from officials in Russia. [473] Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. [139]:27 During the war, Soviet civilian and military death were about 2627 million,[140] accounting for about half of all World WarII casualties. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Moscow claimed succession to the legacy of the Eastern Roman Empire. [72], Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the Cossacks. [581] Nikolay Ostrovsky's novel How the Steel Was Tempered has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. [589] Vladimir Lenin, a major revolutionary, developed a variant of communism known as Leninism. [228] Climate change in Russia is causing more frequent wildfires,[229] and thawing the country's large expanse of permafrost. ", "Russia: Growing Internet Isolation, Control, Censorship", "Putin's aggressive autocracy reduces Russian soft power to ashes", "New Reports Highlight Russia's Deep-Seated Culture of Corruption", "Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective", "Corruption in Russian Health Care: The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery", "Corruption Pervades Russia's Health System", "Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine", "Russia Sees a Threat in Its Converts to Islam", "U.S. Report Says Russia Among 'Worst Violators' Of Religious Freedom", "Russian killings and kidnaps extend dirty war in Ingushetia", "Putin's Savage War Against Russia's 'New Muslims', "Russian Crackdown on Muslims Fuels Exodus to IS", "Abuse of Chechens and Ingush in Russian Prisons Creates Legions of Enemies", "Russia is depopulating parts of eastern Ukraine, forcibly removing thousands into remote parts of Russia", "International Reserves of the Russian Federation (End of period)", "List of importing markets for the product exported by Russian Federation in 2021", "List of supplying markets for the product imported by Russian Federation in 2021", "Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security Analysis", "Will Russia ever leave fossil fuels behind? [51] Among 12%[53] of the population who grew up in the Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. [603] Other meat dishes include stuffed cabbage rolls (golubtsy) usually filled with meat. The second 20-volumed edition was begun in 1991, but not all volumes have been finished. [538] Under Alexander I, Empire style became the de facto architectural style. Mike Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms. Russian artillery fire down 75% in some areas, US officials say, in latest sign of struggles for Moscow. During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with [341] Russia has one of the lowest levels of external debt among major economies,[342] although its inequality of household income and wealth is one of the highest among developed countries. Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a second language in [521] Two major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday. [164], The economic and political collapse of the Soviet Union led Russia into a deep and prolonged depression. [160] On 17 March, a referendum was held, in which the vast majority of participating citizens voted in favour of changing the Soviet Union into a renewed federation.
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